來源：   【貨運代理考試');">考試就上,大小考試都不怕】   2012年12月3日 本文主要介紹貨代英語Unit 7 The Practice of International Ocean Cargo Transportation，供大家參考。 本文導航

• 第1頁：DifferentTypesofShippingServices

• 第2頁：Shipping　Documents

　　Unit 7 The Practice of International Ocean Cargo Transportation
　　（一）基本要求
　　了解：Transport geography
　　熟悉：Different Types of Shipping Services
　　掌握：Shipping Documents
　　（二）考試內容：
　　1. Transport geography
　　2. Different Types of Shipping Services
　　2.1 Conference lines（班輪公會航線）
　　(1) definition
　　A shipping conference （班輪公會） is a group of shipping lines operating in any particular route under agreement to provided a scheduled service with a common tariff and a fixed itinerary of port of call.
　　(2) purpose
　　to eliminate price competition among member lines
　　to reduce outside competition
　　(3) advantages
　　to shippers are stability of freight rates and regularity of services.
　　(4) disadvantages
　　Rates are usually high.
　　Rates do not fluctuate according to supply and demand
　　Rates and procedures are inflexible.
　　2.2 Non-Conference lines
　　This is attributable to the development of containerization and emergence of many independent carriers.
　　2.3 Non-vessel operating common carrier (NVOCC)
　　An NVOCC is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled service. He does not own or operate the vessels by which sea transportation is provided. Although the NVOCC is a carrier in his relationship with the actual shipper, he is a shipper in his relationship with the actual carrier. He renders a useful service by providing groupage or consolidation services, particularly to small shipper who do not have much bargaining power in negotiating rates.
　　2.4 Tramp service（不定期船運輸）
　　Tramp service has no fixed itinerary or schedule and is operated on any route according to supply and demand.

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來源：   【考試就上,大小考試都不怕】   2012年12月3日 本文主要介紹貨代英語Unit 7 The Practice of International Ocean Cargo Transportation，供大家參考。 本文導航

• 第1頁：DifferentTypesofShippingServices

• 第2頁：Shipping　Documents

　　3. Shipping Documents
　　(1) The bill of lading
　　The bill of lading by itself is not a contract of carriage as it signed only by the carrier. However, it provides evidence of contract of carriage. It serves as a receipt for goods delivered to the carrier. Besides, the bill of lading serves as a document of title enabling the goods to be transferred from the shipper to the consignee or any other party by endorsement.
　　(2) Sea waybill
　　A sea waybill is the replacement of the traditional ocean bill of lading. The waybill is a non-negotiable document and made out to a consignee who is allowed, upon production of proper identification, to claim the goods without presenting the waybill.
　　(3) Cargo manifest
　　A cargo manifest provides information regarding cargo on board. The manifest is prepared by the carrier’s agent but the freight forwarder have to handle it while dealing with the customs and port authorities.
　　(4) Shipping (Booking) note
　　A shipping note is issued by the shipper to the carrier requesting allocation of shipping space. It is a commitment on the part of the shipper to ship the goods and serves as the basis for the preparation of the bill of lading.
　　(5) Delivery order
　　A delivery order is issued by the carrier or his agent to enable the consignee or his forwarding agent to take delivery of the cargo from the vessel.
　　(6) Mate’s receipt
　　A mate’s receipt is the receipt issued by the mate in the acknowledgement of the goods received on board which is subsequently exchanged for the bill of lading.

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