2013國際貨運代理人考試英語輔導第三章

　　第三章 國際貿易術語解釋通則的由來

　　1-1 課文：In order to provide a set of uniform rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade, ICC first published in 1936 a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms known as “Incoterms 2000”.

　　核心句：to provide a set of rules for the interpretation of trade terms in foreign trade, ICC published international rules...

　　注釋：

　　In order to: 為了

　　Commonly: 一般的，通常的，普遍的 = generally, usually

　　Interpretation : 解釋，說明

　　Trade terms: 貿易術語 (另外：比如 trade practices 貿易慣例 trade contract 貿易合同 等)

　　ICC:全稱：International Chamber of Commerce.國際商會。

　　Incoterms: 全稱：International Commercial Terms 國際貿易術語解釋通則

　　Be known as: 統稱為...，以...著稱

　　這句話大致的意思是：為了給國際貿易中普遍使用的貿易術語提供一套解釋的統一規則，國際商會與1936年發布了一套用于詮釋這些貿易術語的國際規則，統稱為“國際貿易術語解釋通則2000”。

　　1-2 課文：Later amendments and additions were made to it to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices.

　　注釋：

　　Later : 稍候，隨后 (另外latest: 最近的，最新的)

　　Amendment: 修改，修正(尤指對規則，法律，聲明等條款的修正，修訂，修改)

　　Addition: 增加物(在這里是指添加的條款和內容)

　　In line with: 與...一致，與...相同 (相反的是：out of line with)

　　Current: 現今的，當代的，時下的

　　Trade practices: 國際貿易慣例，國際貿易實踐

　　這句話大致意思是：以后又對此通則作了修改和補充，以便使這些規則適應當前國際貿易實踐的發展。

　　1-3 The latest edition is “Incoterms 2000”, which includes 13 different international trade terms. Each term specifies whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for arranging such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and other obligations.

　　注釋：

　　Edition: ( 書籍，書刊等的)版本，版次。

　　Specify: 具體說明，詳細說明，規定(名詞：specification: 說明書)

　　Whether...or...: 是...還是...

　　Be responsible for: 負責...，承擔...責任

　　Necessity: 必須，需要(在這里是指“必須要做的事”)

　　Export license: 出口許可證

　　Inspection: 檢驗 (商品檢驗：commodity inspection)

　　Obligation: 職責，義務

　　后一句話我們可以換成這樣一句來理解：

　　Each term specifies the traders must bear each relevant responsibility and obligation.即貿易商必須承擔(bear)各自相關的責任和義務。

　　這段話大致的意思是：最新的版本是“國際貿易術語解釋通則2000”，它包含了13個不同的國際貿易術語。每一個貿易術語都明確規定由誰來辦理出口許可證，出口清關，商品檢驗及其他義務。

　　1-4 They specify at which point the risk of loss and/or damage passes from seller to buyer as well as which party pays for specific activities.

　　注釋：

　　They = 13 trade terms

　　Point: 在這里是一個抽象的概念，指“在空間或者時間真實的或想象當中的某一點”例如：at this point = at this moment / at this place (在此刻，在此地)

　　Risk: 風險

　　Activity: 活動，行為(復數形式尤指“所作的事務，待做的工作”)

　　這句話我們理解為：The 13 trade terms specify the transfer of risks(風險的轉移)and division of costs.(費用的劃分)

　　這句話大致的意思是：這13個術語還明確了丟失及/或損壞的風險在哪一點由賣方轉移到買方，以及哪方面承擔相應的費用。

　　1-5 A buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under one of the Incoterms, therefore, will have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations.

　　注釋：

　　Conduct: 管理，經營，處理=manage, control

　　Purchase:購買 = buy

　　Mutual: 相互的，彼此的 (have a mutual understanding: 對于...達到共識)

　　Therefore: 因此，為此

　　這句話的大致意思是：買方和賣方如果采用通則中的一個術語做貿易的話，就會清楚雙方各自的權利、需支付的費用以及各自的義務。

　　二、六個主要的貿易術語(其中傳統的貿易術語有三個：FOB,CFR,CIF;在傳統基礎上新發展的貿易術語有三個：FCA, CPT, CIP ) (考試重點)

　　2-1 傳統的三個貿易術語

　　FOB – Free On Board (...named port of shipment) 船上交貨(指定裝運港)

　　定義：means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named part of shipment. 指當貨物在指定的裝運港越過船舷,賣方即完成交貨。

　　注釋：pass: 越過，通過; ship’s rail: 船舷; named: 指定的

　　這個術語應注意以下幾點：

　　1. The buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. 即買方在貨物越過船舷之后承擔所有的費用，風險和損失。

　　2. FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.即FOB條款要求由賣方辦理貨物的出口清關手續。

　　3. FOB term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.即FOB條款只適用于海運或者是內河運輸。

　　注釋：inland waterway transport: 內河運輸

　　CFR - Cost and Freight (... named port of destination) 成本加運費(指定目的港)

　　定義：means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment.指當貨物在指定的裝運港越過船舷，賣方即完成交貨。

　　這個術語應注意以下幾點：

　　1. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. 即賣方必須支付貨物運至目的港所需要的運費和費用。(與FOB的區別)

　　2. But the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. 但是交貨后貨物滅失或損壞的風險，以及由于各種條件造成的任何額外費用，即由賣方轉移到買方。(風險的劃分與FOB不一樣的。是在目的港船舷。)

　　注釋：occur:(事件等)發生;events: 事件 transfer: 轉移

　　3. CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.即由賣方負責辦理貨物的出口清關手續。(同FOB)

　　4. CFR term can be used only for sea and inland waterway transport.即CFR只適用于海運和內陸水路運輸(同FOB)

　　CIF-Cost, Insurance, and Freight (...named port of destination) 成本，保險費加運費(指定目的港)

　　定義:means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment.即當貨物在裝運港越過船舷之后，賣方即完成交貨義務。

　　這個術語我們應該注意以下幾點：

　　1. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. 即賣方必須支付貨物運至目的港所需要的運費和費用。(同CFR)

　　2. But the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. 但是交貨后貨物滅失或損壞的風險，以及由于各種條件造成的任何額外費用，即由賣方轉移到買方。(風險的劃分與CFR 是一樣的)

　　3. However, in CIF the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. Consequently the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.但是，在CIF條件下，賣方還需要辦理買方貨物在運輸途中滅失或損壞風險的海運保險。因此，由賣方簽訂保險合同并且支付保險費用(不同于 FOB和CFR,)

　　注釋：procure: (尤指用心或者費力)獲得，取得，在這里我們引申為“辦理”; against: 反對，對于 carriage: 運費，運輸(在這里指的是“運輸”);consequently: 因此，所以; contract:在這里是動詞的用法，意為：簽約，訂立合同(常與with 和for連用); insurance premium: 保險費

　　4. CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. 即由賣方負責辦理貨物的出口清關手續。(同FOB和CFR)

　　2-2 在傳統貿易術語基礎上發展的三個貿易術語

　　FCA-Free Carrier (...named place) 貨交承運人(指定地點)

　　定義：means that sellers delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place.是指賣方只要將貨物在指定的地點交給由買方制定的承運人，并辦理出口清關手續，即完成交貨。

　　注釋：nominated: 指定的，指派的

　　這一術語應注意以下幾點：

　　1. Seller should clear the goods for export.賣方負責辦理出口清關手續。

　　2. The chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place.交貨地點的選擇對于在該地點裝貨和卸貨的義務會產生影響。

　　- If delivery occurs at the seller’s premises, the seller is responsible for loading.如賣方在其所在地交貨，則由賣方負責裝貨。

　　- If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading.如賣方在任何其他地點交貨，則賣方不負責卸貨。

　　注釋：impact: 常與on聯用，對...施加影響;premise: 生產場所，經營場址(在這里引申為“所在地”之意)

　　3.FCA term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport, including multimodal transport.

　　FCA術語可用于各種運輸方式，包括多式聯運。

　　注釋：irrespective: 常與of聯用，意為：不論...的，任何的;multimodal transport:多式聯運(multi-前綴,常表示“多種的”的意思)

　　4.If the buyer nominates a person other than a carrier to receive the goods, the seller is deemed to have fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods when they are delivered to that person.若買方制定承運人以外的人領取貨物，則當賣方將貨物交給此人時，即視為已履行交貨義務，(風險轉移給買方)

　　注釋：other than: 除了，不同于; be deemed to: 被視為; fulfill: 履行，完成。

　　CPT — Carriage Paid to (... named place of destination) 運費付至(指定目的地)

　　定義：means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. 指賣方向其指定的承運人交貨，但賣方還必須支付貨物運至目的地的運費。

　　注釋：in addition: 另外這一貿易術語要注意以下幾點：

　　1. The buyer bears all risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.

　　買方承擔交貨后的一切風險和其他費用。

　　2. CPT與CFR的區別

　　CPT has much in common with the term CFR. The major difference is that CFR can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport, while CPT can be used for any mode of transport including multi-modal transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship’s rail, the CPT term is preferred.

　　CPT術語和CFR術語有很多相似之處。主要的區別在于CFR術語經用于海運和內陸和運輸，而CPT術語可適用于任何運輸方式，包括多式聯運。如果雙方不打算將貨物越過船舷交貨，應使用CPT術語。

　　注釋：in common with: 和...一樣; major: 主要的;difference: 區別，不同之處; party: (條約，會議的) 參與者，常用復數形式與the聯用，表示“(合約)雙方”。Intend to: 打算做...;

　　across: 穿過，越過= pass; prefer : 更喜歡...，更傾向于...(preferred: 首選的)

　　CIP — Carriage and Insurance Paid to (... named place of destination ) 運費加保險費付至(指定目的地)

　　定義：means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination.指賣方向其指定的承運人交貨，但賣方必須支付貨物運至目的地的運費。

　　這個術語應該注意以下幾點：

　　1. The buyer bears all risks and any additional costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.買方承擔交貨后的一切風險和費用。

　　2. The seller also has to procure insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. 賣方必須辦理買方貨物在運輸途中滅失或損壞風險的保險。因此由賣方訂立保險合同并支付保險費。

　　3. CIP may be used irrespective of the mode of transport including multi-modal transport. CIP術語可用于各種運輸方式，包括多式聯運。

編輯推薦：

2013年貨運代理考試備考練習題及答案（1）

2013年貨運代理考試備考練習題及答案(2)

2013年貨運代理考試備考練習題及答案(3)

（責任編輯：中大編輯）

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