第四部分 ：閱讀理解(第31——45題，每題3分，共45分)

短文后有5道題，每題后面有4個(gè)選項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀短文并根據(jù)短文回答其后面的問(wèn)題，從4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)最佳答案涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。下面共有15個(gè)句子，每個(gè)句子中均有1個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)劃有底橫線，請(qǐng)從每個(gè)句子后面所給的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)與劃線部分意義最相近的詞或短語(yǔ)。

(31) 根據(jù)下面材料，回答題。

Schooling and Education

It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education.

Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no limits. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or in a theatre. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a respected grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy (嬰兒期) on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term.

It is a lifelong (一生的) process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral (基本的) part of one's entire life. Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned (指定的) seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are words or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are defmite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the author?

A: School is the place where people get informal education.

B: Education means schooling.

C: Education can be both formal and informal.

D: Going to school is the only way to receive education.

答案:C

解析:

細(xì)節(jié)題。題干 ：根據(jù)作者的意思，以下哪個(gè)說(shuō)法是正確的?利用題干定位不到相關(guān)信息

，改由通過(guò)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)分別定位。第二段中的“Educationknowsnolimits…Itincludes both the

formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal

learning”意為“教育沒(méi)有限制……它既包括在學(xué)校里接受的正規(guī)學(xué)習(xí)，

也包括所有的非正規(guī)學(xué)習(xí)”，故A和D選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的，C選項(xiàng)是正確的。

同時(shí)在第一段中提到“The distinction between schooling and education implied by this

remark is important”，即“上學(xué)和受教育之間的區(qū)別是非常重要的”。故B錯(cuò)誤。

(32) Education is different from schooling in that__________.

A: the former is predictable while the latter is not

B: the former is specific while the latter is not

C: the former is a formalized process while the latter is not

D: the former is more open-ended and all-inclusive than the latter

答案:D

解析:

細(xì)節(jié)題。題干 ：在__________ ，上學(xué)和受教育是有區(qū)別的。

利用題干不能直接定位到相關(guān)信息，但在第二段提到“Education is much more

open.ended and all-inclusive than

schooling”，即“教育比上學(xué)更開(kāi)放，更包容”。故答案為D。

(33) When does education begin?

A: Before one enters school.

B: After one enters school.

C: After one graduates from college.

D: After one retires from work.

答案:A

解析: 題干 ：教育是從何時(shí)開(kāi)始的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞定位不到相關(guān)信息。但是第二段中的

“It is a lifelong(一生的)process，a process that starts long before the start of

school”，即“這是一個(gè)持續(xù)一生的過(guò)程，在上學(xué)之前早就開(kāi)始了”。題干中的start

和原文中的begin是近義詞，都是表示“開(kāi)始”，A選項(xiàng)中的before one enters

school和原文中的before the start of school也是同義表達(dá)，故答案為A。

(34) The fact that children arrive at school at about the same time shows that__________.

A: schoolingimposes a lot of strain on the students

B: schooling has a clear boundary

C: schooling follows more or less the same pattern

D: schooling includes different aspects of learning

答案:C

解析:

推理題。題干 ：孩子們大概在同一時(shí)間到達(dá)學(xué)校，表明了__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞

children arrive at school定位到第三段“Schoolin9，on the other hand，is a

specific，formalized process，whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the

next .Throughout a country,children arrive at school at approximately the same time，take

assigned(指定的)seats，are taught by an adult，use similar textbooks，do homework，take

exams，and SO

on.”，即“另一方面，上學(xué)是一個(gè)特定而正式的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程。它的普遍模式相差不大。

縱觀全國(guó)，孩子們?cè)诓畈欢嗤瑯拥臅r(shí)間到學(xué)校，坐在指定的位置上，由大人教學(xué)，

使用相同的教科書(shū)，做作業(yè)，參加考試，等等”。由此可知，

同一時(shí)間上學(xué)是為了說(shuō)明前面的論點(diǎn)而舉的例子。即學(xué)校采取大體一致的模式，

故答案為C。

(35) What is the author's attitude toward schooling?

A: Positive.

B: Negative.

C: Neutral( 中立的).

D: Supportive.

答案:C

解析:

態(tài)度題。題干 ：作者對(duì)學(xué)校教育的態(tài)度是什么?定位到文章最后一段，

作者客觀介紹了學(xué)校教育的一些情況，比如大體相同的模式，學(xué)校課程設(shè)置的限制等，

因此作者的態(tài)度是neutral( 中立的)。故答案為C。

(36)根據(jù)下面材料，回答題。

Lead Pollution (鉛污染)

Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960's and 70's, wereprimarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In thetwenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, thelead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly.

A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissionsfrom the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in thesnow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. CharlesBoutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Centerfor Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed thatlead levels in arctic (北極的) snow were declining.

In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leadedgasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian andCanadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (區(qū)分) the lead sources. Thedominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from theUnited States.

In a study published in the journal/Imbio (人類環(huán)境雜志), scientists found that lead levelsin soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction ofunleaded gasoline.

Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period.

The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from thesame sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientistshad expected.

Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem(生態(tài)系統(tǒng)).respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findingsshould not be used as a license to pollute.

The study published in the journal Nature indicates that__________.

A: the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snowB: the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired resultsC: lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expectedD: lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase2016

答案:A

解析:細(xì)節(jié)題。題干 ：《自然》雜志上刊登的研究表明__________。第二段開(kāi)頭提到 《

自然》雜志上刊登的研究表明來(lái)自美國(guó)的通過(guò)空氣傳播的含鉛氣體是導(dǎo)致格陵蘭雪地中

鉛濃度高的主要原因。而格陵蘭就是位于北極圈內(nèi)。因此A正確，

美國(guó)是北極雪中鉛污染的主要來(lái)源。

(37) Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in

the us__________.

A: was discouraged

B: was prohibited by law

C: was enforced by law

D: was introduced

答案:C

解析:

細(xì)節(jié)題。題干 ：美國(guó)法律強(qiáng)制使用無(wú)鉛汽油后，世界范圍的鉛金屬積累量明顯

----------------------- Page 20-----------------------

__________。第一段最后一句話支持這一說(shuō)法，文中的“mandated”與C選項(xiàng)中的

“enforced”意思相同，都是“強(qiáng)制” 的意思。

(38) How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland?

A: By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio.

B: By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.

C: By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.

D: By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.

答案:B

解析:

細(xì)節(jié)題。題干 ：科學(xué)家是怎樣發(fā)現(xiàn)格陵蘭的鉛污染來(lái)源的?

第三段提到科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)美國(guó)汽油中的各種鉛金屬比重不同于歐洲、亞洲和加拿大的。

通過(guò)比較這些鉛比的不同可判斷出格陵蘭雪中的鉛污染主要來(lái)自美國(guó)。因此B正確。

(39) The authors of the Ambio study have found that__________.

A: forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected

B: lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US

C: lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with

D: the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions

答案:A

解析:

細(xì)節(jié)題。題干 ：《人類環(huán)境》雜志研究的作者發(fā)現(xiàn)了__________。

倒數(shù)第二段結(jié)尾提到森林環(huán)境處理鉛的速度之快，超出了科學(xué)家們的預(yù)期。因此A正確

。

(40) It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists__________.

A: feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline

B: are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution

C: lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution

D: still consider lead pollution a problem

答案:D

解析:

推理題。題干 ：通過(guò)最后一段能推測(cè)出什么?

最后一段提到了兩項(xiàng)研究說(shuō)明某些生態(tài)系統(tǒng)對(duì)大氣污染的減少給出了快速的回應(yīng)，

但是這并不能作為進(jìn)一步污染行為的許可證。因此D正確，

科學(xué)家們?nèi)匀徽J(rèn)為鉛污染是個(gè)問(wèn)題。

(41) 根據(jù)下面材料，回答題。

It is predicted that there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century. We'll knowwhere we came from. Why does the universe exist? To put it another way, why is theresomething instead of nothing? Since the 1920s, scientists have known the universe isexpanding, which means it must have started at a definite time in the past. They even havedeveloped theories that give a detailed picture of the evolution of the universe from the timeit was a fraction of a second old to the present. Over the next couple of decades, thesetheories will be refined by data from extraordinary powerful new telescope. We will have abetter understanding of how matter behaves at the unfathomably high temperatures andpressures of the early universe.

We'll crack the genetic code and conquer cancer. In 19th century operas, when the heroinecoughs in the first act, the audience knows she will die of tuberculosis in Act 3. But thanksto 20th century antibiotics, the once dreaded, once incurable disease now can mean nothingmore serious than taking some pills. As scientists learn more about the genetic code and theway cells work at the molecular level, many serious diseases--cancer, for one- will becomeless threatening. Using manufactured "therapeutic" viruses, doctors will be able to replacecancer causing damaged DNA

with healthy genes, probably administered by a pill or injection.

We'll live longer (120 years?) If the normal aging process is basically a furious, invisiblecontest in our cells- a contest between damage to our DNA and our cells ability to repair thatdamage- then 21st century strides in genetic medicine may let us control and even reversethe process. But before we push scientists to do more, consider: Do we really want to live ina world where no one grows old and few children are born because the planet can hold onlyso many people?

Where would new ideas come from? What would we do with all that extra time?

We'll "manage" Earth. In the next millennium, well stop talking about the weather but willdo something about it. Well gradually learn how to predict the effects of human activity onthe Earth,its climate and its ecosystems. And with that knowledge will come an increasingwillingness to use it to manage the workings of our planet.

We'll have "a brain road map". This is the real "final frontier" of the 21st century: The brainis the most complex system we know. It contains about 100 billion neurons (roughly thenumber of stars in the Milky Way), each connected to as many as 1,000 others. Early in thenext century, we will use advanced forms of magnetic resonance imaging to producedetailed maps of the neurons in operation. We'll be able to say with certainty which ones areworking when you read a word, when you say a word, when you think about a word, and soon.

The sentence "In 19th century operas, when the heroine coughs in the first act, the audienceknows she will die of tuberculosis in Act 3" means__________.

A: there was not antibiotics at that timeB: tuberculosis was a terrible disease that couldn't be cured during 19th centuryC: the health of the heroine was very poorD: this was a common situation in the 19th century operas

答案:B

解析:

細(xì)節(jié)題。題干 ：句子“在19世紀(jì)的戲劇中，如果女主角在第一幕開(kāi)始咳嗽，

觀眾們就會(huì)知道在第三幕時(shí)會(huì)因?yàn)榉谓Y(jié)核而死去” 的意思是__________。

第二段說(shuō)如果女主角在第一幕中咳嗽的話，觀眾便會(huì)知道她將在第三幕中因肺結(jié)核而死

。接著說(shuō)這種病0nce dreaded和once incurable

disease，即“那樣可怕的不治之癥”。可知B正確。

(42) It will become easy to cure some serious diseases because__________.

A: scientists will crack the genetic code

B: "therapeutic" viruses will be used

C: healthy genes will be used to replace cancer causing damaged DNA

D: all of the above

答案:D

解析:

推理題。題干 ：治療一些嚴(yán)重的疾病會(huì)變得很容易，因?yàn)開(kāi)_________。A、B、C

在第三段都提到這一點(diǎn)，因此選D。

(43) According to the passage, the normal aging process is__________.

A: a process in which people become older and older

B: a contest that can be seen

C: a long process of struggling

D: a fight between damaging DNA and preparing the damage

答案:D

解析:

細(xì)節(jié)題。題干 ：根據(jù)本文提供的信息，正常的衰老過(guò)程__________。第三段提到“

如果說(shuō)通常的衰老過(guò)程主要是我們細(xì)胞內(nèi)的一場(chǎng)激烈而不可見(jiàn)的競(jìng)賽的話——

一場(chǎng)破壞我們體內(nèi)脫氧核糖核酸同我們體內(nèi)細(xì)胞修復(fù)被破壞組織的競(jìng)賽……”。

由此可知D正確。

(44) Which does not belong to the scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century?

A: We'll know whom we are.

B: We'll live longer.

C: We'll conquer cancer.

D: We'll manage Earth.

答案:A

解析:

主旨題。題干 ：下列哪一個(gè)不屬于21世紀(jì)的科技突破?本文介紹了據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)21

世紀(jì)科學(xué)將出現(xiàn)的五大突破 ：

詳盡地描繪宇宙從它形成的最初一瞬間一直到現(xiàn)在的演變過(guò)程 ;

我們將破譯遺傳密碼并征服癌癥 ;我們將活得更久 ;我們將“管理”地球 ;

我們將擁有人腦的“路線圖”。沒(méi)有提到A，故選A。

(45) A brain road map will__________.

A: be the most complicated map we know

B: tell us which neuron is better

C: help us study well

D: be produced by the advanced forms of operation

答案:A

解析:

細(xì)節(jié)題。題干 ：一個(gè)大腦路線圖是__________。第五段的中心意思是 ：

人腦是人類已知的最復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)，這是21世紀(jì)的一個(gè)真正的“尖端領(lǐng)域”。因此A正確。

（責(zé)任編輯：中大編輯）